U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU    OP    KNT0M0L0GY     CIRCULAR   No.  160. 

L.  O.  HOWARD.    Inlomologisl.nd  Chief  of  Bur«u. 


THE  MKDITKIIIIAXKAN  FRUIT-FLY. 


nr 


A.  L.  QUAINTANCE, 

/    l      r     of  Deciduous  Fruil  I  'inns. 


5U0O1        Cir    li'^p      12 1 


\\  will  N..  i  .  INME.VI     l-KI  NTINc  1912 


BUREAU  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

L.  O.  Howard,  Entomologist  and  chief  of  Bureau. 

C.  L.  Mari.att,  Entomologist  and  Acting  Chief  in  Absence  of  Chief. 

R.  S.  Clifton,  Executive  Assistant. 

W.  F.  Tastet,  Chief  Clerk. 

F.  H.  Chittenden,  in  charge  of  truck  crop  and  stored  product  insi  ct  in  vestigatiomt. 

A.  D.  Hopkins,  in  charge  of  forest  insect  investigations. 

W.  D.  Httnteb,  in  charge  of  southern  field  crop  insect  investigations. 

F.  M.  Websteb,  in  charge  of  cereal  and  forage  insect  investigations. 

A.  L.  Qttaintance,  in  charge  of  deciduous  fruit  insect  investigations. 

E.  F.  Phillips,  in  charge  of  bee  culture. 

D.  M.  Rogers,  in  charge  of  preventing  spread  of  moths,  field  work. 

Holla  I'.  Currie,  in  charge  of  editorial  work. 

Mabel  Colcord,  in  charge  of  library. 

Deciduous   Fruit  Insect   Investigations. 

A.  L.  Quaintance,  in  charge. 

Feed  Johnson,  S.  W.  Fosteb,  I'.  R.  Jones.  F.  E.  Brooks.  A.  G.  Hammab,  E.  W. 

Scott.  K.  L.  Nougabet,  It.  A.  Cushman,  L.  L.  Scott.  J.  I!.  Gill,  A.  C.  Baker, 

W.  M.  Davidson.  E.  B.  Bi.akkslki  .  W.  B.  Wood.  E.  II.  Sieoler,  F.  L.  Siman- 

ton,  entomological  assistants. 
J.  F.  ZlMMEB,  W.  S.  Addott.  W.  II.  Sill,  entomological  assistants,  employed  in 

enforcement  of  insecticide  act,  1010. 
ii 


Circular  No.  160. 


Imued  I  i.  i.. I.,  r   >,  l'jli. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

BUREAU   OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.   HOWARD.   Entomologist  ami   Chief  of   Bureau. 


THK  MEDITERRANEAN    PBUIT-ELT. 

(Ceratitii  oapitata  Wiedemann.)  '\ 

By  A.  I..  Qtj  mn  i  \.n<  i . 
In  Charge  of  Deciduous  Fruit  Insect  Investigations, 

i  \  raoDTJcnoN. 

The  recent  establishment  in  Hawaii  of  the  Mediterranean  fruit- 
fly  (fig.  1)  and  the  quarantine  restrictions  against  Hawaiian  fruil 

imposed  by  the  State  of  California  have  aroused  considerable  inter- 


Fi.i    i      The  Mediterranean  fruit  fly  {CentUtU  eopitala)  :  a,  Adult  By;  6.  head  of  snme 
from  front:  t,  ipatnla-llke  linir  fn<m  f:ici>  of  male;  '/.  antenna;  <-.  larra;  f,  an 
ment  of  sumo  :  ;/,  head  of  aanw.     ■  .ind  r,  enlarged  ;  b,  g,  f,  greatly  enlarged  :  r,  </,  still 
more  greatly  enlarged.     (From  Howard.) 

est  in  thi>  very  destructive  insect,  and  there  have  been  frequent  re- 
quests  for  information  concerning  it.     To  meet   thi>  demand    for 

information  the  present   paper  has  been  prepared  and  largely  com- 

1 


2  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

piled  from  the  writings  of  entomologists  in  countries  where  the 
insect  exists,  particularly  the  writings  of  Froggatt,  French,  and 
Fuller  in  Australia,  and  Lounsbury  and  Mally  in  Cape  Colony, 
South  Africa. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  is  a  most 
serious  drawback  to  the  successful  cultivation  of  fruit  in  the  coun- 
tries where  it  is  established.  Indeed,  the  cultivation  of  fruits  is 
scarcely  possible  in  the  worst  infested  regions.  The  fruit-growing 
industry  of  Bermuda  was  practically  destroyed  many  years  ago  by 
the  introduction  of  the  insect  into  that  island.  Its  introduction  into 
the  United  States  in  all  probability  would  be  calamitous  to  the 
orchard  interests  of  our  more  southern  States  and  of  California,  in 
which  regions  it  would  find  conditions  very  similar  to  those  in  coun- 
tries where  it  now  exists  in  most  destructive  numbers. 

This  species  belongs  to  a  group  of  insects — the  family  Trypetidae 
of  the  oilier  Diptera,  or  flies — for  which  no  very  successful  means 
of  control  have  been  found.  Despite  a  large  amount  of  experimenta- 
tion in  the  control  of  this  as  well  as  other  related  species,  including 
our  own  apple  maggot  or  railroad  worm  (Ehagoletis  pomoneMo 
Walsh),  little  has  been  developed  that  is  of  value  in  lessening  their 
injury,  except  the'  collection  and  destruction  of  fallen  infested  fruit 
and  the  more  recent  use  in  South  Africa  of  a  poisoned  bait  sprayed 
over  the  trees  for  the  destruction  of  the  adult  flies. 

In  view  of  the  very  serious  character  of  the  pest  and  the  great 
difficulty  in  its  control,  it  is  most  urgent  that  all  possible  pains 
should  be  taken  to  prevent  its  introduction  into  this  country.  The 
energetic  measures  taken  by  the  Hawaiian  and  California  authorities 
are  much  to  be  commended. 

-       COMMON    AND    SCIENTIFIC    NAMES. 

The  name  "Mediterranean  fruit-fly"  was  first  given  to  this  insect 
by  Froggatt,  who  believed  that  the  insect  had  probably  been  intro- 
duced into  Australia  from  the  region  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  has, 
however,  been  given  numerous  other  common  names,  as  the  peach  fly. 
peach  maggot,  etc.  The  species  has  been  twice  redescribed  since  firs! 
characterized  by  Wiedmann  in  18'2I,  and  the  synonymy  stands  as 
follows : 

1S24.    Tephritis  capitata  Wiedemann,  Analects  Entomologies,  p.  55. 
1829.     Geratitis  citriperda  Macleay,  Zoological  Journal,  vol.  4.  p.  475. 
1842.     Ceratitis  hispafyica  de  Breme,  Annales  de  la  Soci§t€  Entomologique  <U> 
France,  vol.  11,  p.  183. 

Some  authors  also  consider  Cer otitis  cattoirei  Guerin  as  identical 
with  or  a  mere  variety  of  capitata. 

The  species  has  been  variously  referred  by  authors  to  the  genera 
Tephritis,  Trypeta,  Ceratitis,  Petalophora,  Halterophora.  etc.,  but 
Ceratitis  appears  to  be  the  latest  reference. 


Till.    Ml  hi  II  BRAN]   W    III   I  i    I  IV.  A 

ii  hii  IR1     \\i>  DI81 1:11.1   PION. 

The  Mediterranean  fruil  il\  was  originally  described  by  Wiede- 
mann under  the  Dame  Trypeta  capitatoy  from  specimens  Baid  to  have 
come  from  the  Bast  Indie.-. 

Latreille  in  Cuvier's  Regne  Animal,  published  in  L817,  under  die 
capl  ion  "  Les  Tephrites  "  states,  on  the  authority  of  Cattoire,  thai  the 
roIi>n  i~t  -  «it"  the  I  -If  iif  Prance  (Mauritius)  were  scarcely  able  to 
obtain  Bound  citrus  fruits,  perfect  at  maturity,  on  account  of  the 
extreme  abundance  of  a  dipterous  insect  which  deposited  eggs  in 
them.  This  early  reference  might  !><•  considered  as  referring  to  the 
Mediterranean  fruit-fly.  A  specimen,  presumably  this  same  insect, 
was  sent  by  Cattoire  to  Macleay,  who  so  regarded  it,  but  it  was  later 
given  specific  rank  by  Guerin  under  the  name  Ceratitis  cattoirei. 

Although  the  insect  was  described  by  Wiedemann,  it  was  first 
brought  prominently  into  notice  by  .M;ule;iy  in  L829,  in  an  article 
published  in  the  Zoological  Journal  (vol.  I.  p.  17.">)  entitled  "  Notice 
of  Ceratitis  citriperda,  an  insect  very  destructive  to  orange." 
Macleay's  article,  accompanied  by  a  colored  plate,  was  based  on 
specimens  obtained  from  the  Azores.  Shipments  of  oranges  from 
these  islands  were  reaching  the  London  market  in  had  condition  and. 
as  stated  by  Macleay.  of  the  quantity  annually  received,  from  90,000 
to  100,000  chests,  about  one-third  were  thus  affected.  Not  infre- 
quently whole  cargoes  were  in  such  a  state  of  decay  a-  not  to  bring 
the  value  of  the  freight.  This  breaking  down  of  the  fruit  en  route. 
while  possibly  due  in  part  to  other  causes,  was  attributed  by  Macleay 
to  the  ravages  of  this  insect.  Macleay  also  made  note  of  its  occur- 
rence on  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  where  it  was  especially  trouble- 
some during  March.  April,  and  May.  In  a  footnote  to  his  article  he 
adds  that  the  perfect  fly  was  observed  by  him  on  a  heap  of  oranges 
in  the  market  place  of  Funchal,  island  of  Madeira,  and  also  at  St. 
JagO,  Cape  Verde  Islands,  and  calls  attention  to  a  report  that  a 
maggot  infests  oranges  in  the  Wesl   Indie-. 

Wiedemann  (Aussereurop.  Zweifliig.  Lnsekten,  p.  196)  in  1830 
again  describes  the  insect  under  the  name  Trypeta  capitata,  citing  his 
earlier  description  1  Analecta  Entomologica,  p.  •''•'•.  Nr.  124) ,  and  adds : 
"A  queer  little  animal  which  was  placed  in  the  Royal  Museum  with 
the  name  Mtuca  capitata^  with  the  information  that  it  had  been  cap- 
tured by  Daldorfon  the  Indian  Ocean."    The  type  is  Said  to  1)0  ill  the 

Royal  Museum  at  Copenhagen. 

F.  de  Breme,  in  the  Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de 
France  for  1842,  redescribes  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  under  the 
name  id"  Ceratitis  hispanica,  from  specimens  found  in  oranges  in  the 
environ-  of  Malaga,  Spain.  He  point-  out  supposed  differences  be- 
tween hi.-  species  and  that  id'  Macleay. 


4  THE   MEDITERRANEAN"    FBTJIT-FLY. 

In  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  for  September,  1848,  Westwood,  under 
the  caption  "The  orange  fly,"  refers  to  Macleay's  article  and  resords 
receiving  wormy  oranges  from  a  Botolph  Lane  merchant,  from  which 
material  he  drew  up  a  description  of  the  maggot  and  pupa.  The 
specimens  were  from  St.  Michael  Island,  and  Westwood  remarks 
that  the  insect  is  also  native  of  "St.  Jago  and  the  Cape  Verde 
Islands"  and  adds  that  he  has  long  possessed  specimens  of  this  fly 
taken  "  on  the  wing  in  Thames  Street." 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Societe  Entomologique  de  France,  January 
26,  1859,  Villeneuve  exhibited  an  orange  received  by  him  from 
Algeria  and  infested  with  a  dipterous  maggot.  From  this  fruit  the 
adult  fly  was  reared  and  was  recognized  by  him  as  Ceratitis  hispanica, 
as  later  reported  to  the  society  at  its  session  of  March  23,  1859. 

As  stated  by  Prof.  C.  Rondani  (Bull.  Ent.  Soc.  Ital.,  p.  29,  1870) 
the  species  is  rare  in  Spain,  and  he  adds  that  it  is  found  only  in 
southern  Italy. 

In  1871,  under  the  title  "Dommages  causes  par  la  Ceratitis  his- 
panica,'''' Laboulbene  ( Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de  France, 
p.  439)  describes  the  injuries  caused  by  the  fruit-fly  to  oranges  in 
Algeria  and  presents  a  detailed  description  of  the  species  prepared 
by  J.  Bigot.  He  quotes  notes  furnished  him  by  Boisduval  tp  the 
effect  that  at  Blidah  and  in  all  Algeria  the  orange  crop  was  com- 
pletely destroyed  by  the  insect. 

In  The  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine  for  1884  (p.  34)  Osten- 
Sacken  lists  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  under  the  name  of  Ceratiti? 
capitata,  referring  to  its  occurrence  in  the  Madeira  Islands,  and  adds 
that  it  attacks  oranges  wherever  they  grow.  He  also  states  that 
C.  citriperda  Macleay  and  C.  hispanica  de  Breme  are  mere  synonyms, 
or  species  based  on  individual  varieties. 

Roder,  in  the  Berliner  Entomologische  Zeitschrift  for  1885  (p. 
132),  in  an  article  "  Ueber  die  Dipteren  Gattung.  Ceratitis  Macleay." 
gives  the  synonymy  of  Ceratitis  capitata,  and  also  its  distribution  as 
follows:  Southern  Spain,  southern  Italy,  Algeria.  Tunis.  Madeira, 
Mauritius,  Indian  Ocean,  Kongo,  Cape  Coast,  Delagoa  Bay. 

Penzig,  in  the  Annali  de  Agricultura  for  1887,  presents  an  ex- 
tended account  of  the  diseases  and  insect  enemies  of  the  orange  and 
treats  at  length  of  the  dipterous  pests  of  the  fruit,  referring  to  three 
species  of  Ceratitis  under  the  generic  name  Halterophora.  The 
species  considered,  namely,  capitata,  cattoirei,  and  hispanica,  are  by 
him  considered  identical.  Extended  life-history  notes  are  given  and 
the  orange  is  stated  to  be  the  principal  fruit  infested,  but  lemons 
and  other  cultivated  citrus  fruits  are  attacked,  as  well  as  peaches, 
figs,  azaroles,  etc.  The  species  is  thought  to  be  limited  to  the  country 
around  the  Mediterranean  and  its  injuries  in  Algeria  are  noted.  In 
Sicily  oranges  were  first  attacked  and  later  peaches.    In  Liguria  it 


I  ill.    Mi :i:  INEAN    FRUIT-FLY.  D 

was  noted  .1-  injurious  to  peaches  in  lN>-_',  but  little,  if  al  all,  attack- 
ing < •  i i in--  fruits. 

\  stated  by  Girard,  the  Mediterranean  fruit  fly  became  estab 
[ished  in  the  environs  of  Paris,  infesting  apricots  al  Courbevoie. 
In  a  further  note  «>n  the  Bubjecl  (Compt.  Rend.,  V.ug.  20,  L906)  M. 
Girard  reports  thai  the  insect  has  insidiously  increased  ii-  ravages, 
and  ;it  thai  time  peaches  were  seriously  affected  in  many  localities 
around  Paris.  According  i"  Prof.  Paul  Marchal,  however,  the  pesl 
was  no1  troublesome  tin-  year  following  (1907),  for  which  reason  it 
i-  thought  the  insecl  « 1  i <  1  nol  become  property  established. 

An  account  of  this  species,  under  the  name  of  the  Bermuda  peach 
maggot,  is  given  by  Riley  and  Howard  in  Insecl  Life  (vol.  '■'•.  p.  5), 
which  appeared  in  1890.  The  insecl  was  reared  at  the  insectary  in 
Washington  from  peaches  received  from  Claud  \V.  McCallan,  of  St. 
Georges,  Bermuda.  In  further  correspondence  with  Mr.  McCallan 
it  was  learned  that  peaches  had  been  more  or  less  infested  for  about 
■_'.'>  years  and  their  culture  had  practically  to  be  abandoned.  It  is 
stated  that  oranges  are  little  attacked  on  the  island,  but  that  the  mag- 
gots  infest  the  Surinam  cherry  (Eugenia  michelii),  half  of  the  crop 
being  ruined  annually.  The  loquat  (Eriobotrya  japonica)  and  the 
Malta  plum  arc  also  subject  to  infestation,  as  well  as  the  bitter  Seville 
orange.  Mr.  McCallan  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  insect 
made  its  appearance  in  the  island  in  a  cargo  of  fruit  from  the 
Mediterranean  region,  winch,  while  intended  for  the  American  mar- 
ket, was  landed  at  the  island  through  stress  of  had  weather. 

Miss  Ormerod,  in  her  publication,  "Injurious  Farm  and  Fruit 
Insects  of  South  Africa."  which  appeared  in  l^s'.».  gives  an  account 
of  the  injuries  done  by  the  fruit-fly  in  Cape  Colony.  This  is  ap- 
parently the  firsl  reference  to  the  occurrence  of  the  pesl  in  that 
region,  although,  as  noted  by  Mally,  it  was  introduced  many  years 
before  this  date. 

Apparently  Mr.  Claude  Fuller  was  first  to  record  the  occurrence 
in  Australia  of  (  <  nit  it  is  •  apitata,  the  record  appearing  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture  of  West  Australia  for  I'dnuary.  l^'.'T. 
In  the  March  number  of  the  same  journal  Mr.  Fuller  gives  informa- 
tion concerning  the  life  history  of  the  insect,  together  with  a  good 
plate.  At  about  the  same  time  Mr.  II.  Tryon  received  specimens 
from  West  Australia,  and  the  year  following  it  was  reared  by  Mr. 
C.  French  from  peaches  imported  into  Victoria  from  Sydney.  The 
fly  was  discovered  a  few  days  later  by  Mr.  W.  YV.  Froggatl  in  rearing 
jars  containing  fruit  supposed  to  have  been  infested  with  the  Queens- 
land fruit-fly.  It  is  thought  to  have  made  it-  way  into  Australia  in 
oranges  from  Italy,  a  considerable  quantity  of  which  at  that  time 
was  being  imported. 


6  THE   MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

Though  the  fruit-fly  was  also  common  at  about  that  period  in 
South  African  oranges,  the  above  facts  are  considered  good  evidence 
by  Froggatt  that  it  was  introduced  into  Australia  from  European 
countries,  and  hence  the  popular  name  "  Mediterranean  fruit-fly,"  by 
which  the  species  was  designated  by  him.  Concerning  its  distribu- 
tion in  Australia  Froggatt  states: 

This  fly  has  spread  all  through  the  citrous  orchards  of  New  South  Wales,  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent,  but  until  a  few  years  ago  was  unknown  in  the  southern 
parts  of  this  State  and  the  adjoining  State  of  Victoria.  At  the  present  time, 
however,  it  is  found  in  orchards  at  Albury,  N.  S.  W.,  and  in  quite  a  number  of 
Victoria  orchards,  where  it  has  become  more  or  less  established. 

The  insect  is  also  present  in  Queensland,  as  specimens  have  been 
obtained  from  Brisbane.  In  \Vest  Australia,  in  the  vicinity  of  Perth 
and  all  through  the  citrus  orchards,  it  is  regarded  as  a  great  pest  to 
fruit  growing,  as  in  the  climate  of  Xew  South  "Wales. 

Although  the  species  has  probably  several  times  been  introduced 
into  Tasmania,  it  has  apparently  not  yet  gained  a  foothold  there. 
In  New  Zealand  the  fly  has  also  been  frequently  introduced,  and  at 
one  time  was  established  to  a  certain  extent  in  the  vicinity  of  Napier. 
Its  future  development  in  the  island,  however,  was  considered  prob- 
lematical by  some  in  view  of  the  character  of  the  climate.  As  pointed 
out  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Kirk,  however,  there  appears  to  be  no  reason  why 
the  insect  wTould  not  be  equally  at  home  in  Xew  Zealand  as  in 
Australia. 

The  time  of  its  introduction  into  South  Africa  is  not  definitely 
known.  It  is  thought  to  have  been  brought  in  with  fruit  from 
Madeira.  Writing  in  1904,  C.  W.  Mally  states  that  it  is  not  difficult 
to  find  men  who  are  familiar  with  the  depredations  of  this  insect  in 
the  coastal  belt  of  the  colony  30  years  ago.  It  is  now  generally 
present  in  the  fruit-growing  regions  of  Cape  Colony  and  is  recorded 
from  Natal.  According  to  Mr.  C  W.  Howard  it  is  also  present  in 
the  Transvaal,  and  in  Uganda,  as  recorded  by  Gowdcy :  in  northern 
Egypt  (Cairo),  as  stated  by  Froggatt;  and  at  Kafrez-Zaivat,  also 
in  Egypt,  on  the  authority  of  Cartwright.  Mr.  Geo.  Compere,  who 
has  traveled  in  many  parts  of  the  world  in  connection  with  his  search 
for  parasitic  and  predatory  enemies  of  destructive  insects,  states  that 
the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  is  present  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  St.  Helena 
Island,  at  Valencia  (Eastern  Spain),  and  in  Bahia  and  Sao  Paulo,  in 
Eastern  Brazil. 

This  fruit-fly  was  discovered  in  Hawaii  about  the  middle  of  the 
year  1010.  and  the  fact  of  its  establishment  in  the  island  of  Oahu 
was  announced  to  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry  by  the  entomologist.  Mr.  E.  M.  Ehrhorn.  at  its  meeting  on 
October  5  of  that  year.  It  was  suggested  by  Mr.  Ehrhorn.  and  the 
suggestion  was  promptly  carried  out,  that  notice  be  given  to  the  Cali- 


I'll  I.    \li  Mil  1:1:  \  \  I  \  N    FRUIT-FLY.  < 

fornia  State  Horticultural  Commission  of  the  establishment  of  the 
pes!  in  the  island.  General  observations  indicate  that  the  insecl 
had  been  present  in  the  island  Borne  two  or  three  years  previous  i"  its 
ilisco)  i\  li  was  first  reared  from  oranges  taken  in  Honolulu.  The 
Territorial  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  promulgated  a  regula 
lion  (rule  7),  which  was  signed  by  the  governor  November  21,  L910, 
prohibiting  the  shipment  of  fruits  subject  to  infestation  i"  other 
islands  of  the  territory. 

The  California  Horticultural  Commission,  upon  notification  <>f  the 
occurrence  in  Hawaii  of  the  Mediterranean  fruit  fly,  promptly 
adopted  rigid  inspection  of  fruits  and  vegetables  received  ;it  San 
Francisco.  As  a  result  infested  fruits  were  frequently  found,  and 
June  24,  1911,  a  quarantine  order  against  Hawaii  was  issued  barring 
'•  *  *  the  importation  of  all  fruits,  vegetables,  berries,  seed  pods, 
etc.,  either  cultivated  in  the  orchards  or  gardens  or  growing  wild 
in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  \\  i 1 1 1  the  exception  thai  pineapples, 
bananas,  and  all  root  crops  the  edible  portion-  of  which  during 
growth  have  always  been  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil  -hall  be  ad- 
mitted  at  the  port-  of  the  State  of  California  after  having  been 
duly  inspected:  Provided,  Thai  any  or  all  of  these  exempted  fruits 
or  vegetables,  if  at  any  time  hereafter  shall  be  found  to  contain  upon 
inspection  the  egg,  larva?,  or  pupa?  of  the  fruit-fly  (Ceratitis  capi- 
tntn),  they  shall  be  immediately  included  in  the  lisl  of  quarantined 
fruits  and  vegetable-."  ' 

During  the  summer  of  L911  Mr.  E.  K.  Carnes  visited  Hawaii  and 
spont  some  time  in  a  thorough  investigation  of  fruit-fly  conditions 
and  gave  a  preliminary  report  of  his  investigation  in  the  monthly 
bulletin  of  the  State  Commission  of  Horticulture  of  California  for 
December,  101 1.  pages  &-13.  The  substance  of  this  report  later 
appeared  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Fruit  Growers'  Con- 
vention of  the  State  of  California,  pages  71  78.  In  December,  1911, 
Commissioner  A.  J.  Cook  dispatched  to  the  island  as  a  porl  inspector 
to  assist  in  preventing  embarkation  of  infested  fruit  Mr.  II.  A. 
Weinland,  working  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Ehrhorn,  superintendent 
of  entomology,  and  Mr.  W.  M.  Giffard,  director  of  the  fruit-fly  con- 
trol. The  plan  of  work  adopted  by  the  Hawaiian  authorities  has 
been  in  the  main  thai  of  eradication.  The  difficulties  of  the  situation 
arc.  however,  enormous  by  reason  of  the  irregular  nature  of  the 
country  and  the  large  li-t  of  fruits  upon  which  the  insecl  may  sub- 
This  situation  is  well  pointed  out  by  Carnes  in  his  report  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Fruit  Growers1  Convention  of  the  State 
of  California,  page  74,  as  follow-: 

Prom  the  best  authentic  Information  available,  it  appears  thai  the  Mediter- 
ranean fruit-fly  lias  been  on  the  Island  <'f  Oabu,  opon  which  the  city  "f  Honolulu 
» 

i Horticnltnrnl  -  California,  1912,  p.  28 

50801       Clr    160     12  — 2 


8  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

is  located,  for  at  least  two  years  ami  probably  longer:  It  is  now  firmly  estab- 
lished in  practically  all  sections  of  this  island  and  it  has  also  been  taken  mi  the 
adjacent  island  of  Kauai,  known  as  the  Garden  Island.  I  did  not  find  it  on 
the  Island  of  Maui,  but,  owing  to  the  limited  time  assigned  to  my  investiga- 
tion, to  cover  the  entire  territory  was  impossible;  moreover,  the  realization  came 
to  me  that  our  real  problem  was  the  Island  of  Oahu.     *     *     * 

The  fly  has  spread  from  the  lower  cultivated  areas  ami  is  now  infesting  the 
wild  guavas  on  the  sides  of  the  mountain,  in  the  gulches,  on  the  plains,  and  in 
the  cultivated  portions  of  the  valleys.  In  addition  to  the  wild  guavas.  which  are 
almost  continually  in  fruit,  many  other  wild  fruits  that  are  hosts  grow  in 
abundance;  also,  large  patches  of  the  prickly-pear  cactus  are  to  he  found  all 
over  the  mountains.  In  other  countries  this  fruit  carries  the  flies  over  winter, 
and  will  undoubtedly  prove  a  host  fruit  in  the  absence  of  other  hosts. 

The  worst  infested  portion  of  the  Island  of  Oahu  is  the  resident  section  of 
the  city  of  Honolulu,  and  it  is  from  this  plague  spot  that  California  would  be 
most  likely  to  become  infested.  This  is  the  section  visited  by  all  tourists 
stopping  at  Honolulu,  and  it  is  from  this  district  that  they  procure  the  tropical 
fruit  which  finds  its  way  to  the  port  of  San  Francisco. 

The  very  dangerous  character  of  the  pest  led  Congress  to  make  an 
emergency  appropriation  for  an  investigation  of  the  insect  in  the 
United  State-,  its  territories  and  possessions,  and  this  work  will  be 
promptly  taken  tip  by  the  Bureau  of  Entomology.1 

The  published  records  indicate  that  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  is 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  parts  of  the  world. 
It  is  recorded  from  the  following  countries : 

Algeria.  Asiatic  Turkey,  the  Azores.  Brazil  (Rio  de  Janeiro.  Sao 
Paulo).  Bermuda.  Cape  Verde  Islands.  East  Indies.  Egypt  (Cairo, 
Kafrez-Zaiyat).  France.  Madeira  Islands.  Malta.  Mauritius.  Xatal, 
Xew  South  Wales.  Xew  Zealand.  Queensland.  St.  Helena  Island, 
Sicily.  Spain  (Malaga.  Valencia.  Barcelona).  South  Africa,  Tas- 
mania. Transvaal.  Uganda.  Victoria,  and  West  Australia. 

Considering  the  insect  in  connection  with  its  known  distribution 
and  destructiveness,  it  appears  fairly  certain  that  it  would  not  be 
able  to  maintain  itself  in  regions  where  the  temperature  during 
winter  falls  much  below  the  freezing  point.  The  failure  of  the  in- 
sect to  extend  its  range  northward  from  the  Mediterranean  region 
seems  to  warrant  this  conclusion.  There  is.  however,  much  territory 
in  the  United  States  where  the  pest  would  doubtless  thrive,  as  in  our 
more  southern  States  and  in  California. 

FOOD   PLANTS   AND  DESTRUCTIVENESS. 

The  very  destructive  character  of  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  has 
been  evident  since  the  insect  first  came  prominently  into  notice  in 
1829.  Its  injuries  to  citrus  fruits,  especially  the  orange,  were  early 
complained  of.  and  as  the  insect  has  spread  the  list  of  fruits  attacked 

1  August  l'o.  1912,  an  act  was  passed  by  Congress  ami  approved  by  the  President  which 
enables  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  establish  and  maintain  quarantine  againsl  danger- 
ously injurious  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases.  The  necessary  steps  are'lieins  taken  for 
the  purpose  of  promulgating  a  quarantine  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fruit-fly. 


Till.    Ml  M  1  1  RRANEAN    I  1:1   I  I    1  LI  ,  V 

has  material]}  increased.  As  already  noted,  it-  injuries  u>  oranges 
in  the  Mediterranean  region,  as  well  as  in  the  Madeira  Islands,  the 
Azores,  etc.,  have  largely  interfered  with  the  successful  culture  of 
these  crops.  Upon  it-  introduction  into  South  Africa  it  soon  gained 
;i  foothold,  and  became  :i  pest  of  first-class  importance,  and  it-  be- 
havior since  it-  establishment  in  Australia  has  been  even  more  dis- 
astrous  to  the  fruit  growers.  Concerning  its  injuries  in  Cape  Colony 
Mr.  Clin-.  I'.  Lounsbury,  Government  entomologist,  writing  in  L907, 
says : 

Prom  the  horticultural   standpoint,  the  peach   maggot    (Oerotltla  capitata) 

ranks  Drat   In   Importance  ai ig  Injurtoua  Insecta  of  the  paal   season.    Tins 

ix-st  is  always  one  which  attracts  much  attention,  and  its  ravages  this  year 
bave  been  greater  than  usual,  it  survives  the  winter  as  a  mature  Insect  and 
becomes  more  and  more  numerous  as  the  season  advances,  there  being  n  succes- 
sion of  broods  December  apricots  were  much  Infested  this  year,  and  in  moat 
parts  Hi'  the  Western  Provinces  late  peaches  and  nectarines  were  almost  all 
maggot ly.  Other  deciduous  fruits  suffered  to  a  lesser  extent  At  the  date  of 
writing,  Infested  guavas  are  not  uncommon,  and  numerous  flies  ma;  be  found  in 
moat  orange  groves ;  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  fruit  of  the  orange,  however, 
is  attacked  in  this  vicinity.  In  the  eastern  part-  of  the  colony  tin-  ravages  of 
the  pest  are  more  severe  Oranges  are  there  inure  subject  to  it.  and  In  Borne 
groves  most  of  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  spoiled.  Late  peaches  are  said  to  lie 
almost  unobtainable,  and  I  have  myself  seen  nearly  half  the  loquats  on  a  large 
tree  In  full  bearing  Infested  by  this  pernicious  pest  at  Grahamstown.  Loquats, 
however,  do  not  seem  to  be  generally  attacked,  and  I  have  heard  of  no  occurrence 
of  this  kind  in  the  western  fruit-growing  sections  of  the  colony  The  destruc- 
tion of  Infested  fallen  fruit  is  practised  by  son f  the  most  enterprising  fruit 

growers  The  utility  of  tins  course  is  questioned  by  Borne  who  have  adopted  it. 
but  from  personal  observation  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  trouble  lies  in 
lack  of  thoroughness;  too  often  a  tree  In  Borne  odd  corner  is  not  \isited  or  some 
worthless    fruit    is   allowed    to    remain    on    the    trees    after    the   crop    has    been 

gathered. 

In  the  Journal  of  Agriculture.  May.  ls'r".  Mr.  C.  French,  then 
Government  entomologist  of  Victoria,  state-: 

This  terrible  BCOUrge  of  the  fruit  grower  i-  becoming  but  too  familiar  ill 
Victoria,   larva1   having  been    found    in    peaches,    pears,   quinces,   apricots,    plums. 

nectarines,  guavas,  oranges,  lemons  apples,  citrons,  loquats,  mangoes   pump- 
kins bananas  tomatoes  pineapples  and  persimmons;  so  that  it  will  easily  be 
that    hardly   any   fruit   can   be  said   to  be  exempt    from   its  attacks  and   ,.f 
all  the  fruit  grower's  enemies,  the  fruit-fly  is  undoubtedly  the  wort 

In  Bulletin  22  of  the  New  Zealand  Department  of  Agriculture 
(1909),  Mr.  T.  W.  Kirk,  writing  of  the  Mediterranean  fruit-flv. 
state-  : 

We  have  now  had  to  burn  consignments  of  the  following  fruits  because  they 

were  infested  with  this  dreaded  maggot :  Tea 'lies,  apricot-,  nectarines  cherries, 
peara,  apples,  mangoes,  shaddocks,  mammee-epples,  pineapples,  tomatoes,  loquats, 
persimmons  plums,  mandarins,  oranges  bananas  maupl  fruit,  grenadiilas  Bgs. 

Should  this  pest    ever  becon stablished    here   it    will    mean   the   ruin   of   the 

stone-fruit  industry  of  the  North.  It  will  be  seen  that  practically  all  varieties 
of  fruit  are  attacked,  and  the  measures  taken  to  keep  this  fly  out  of  Sew 
Zealand  can  not  be  too  aevere. 


10  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Mallv.  entomologist  for  the  Eastern  Province,  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  South  Africa,  in  the  Agricultural  Journal,  December, 
1904.  .state- 
It  is  difficult  to  say  from  whence  the  fruit  fly  came.  It  was  most  likely 
brought  to  the  Cape  in  fruit  from  Madeira.  How  long  ago  no  one  can  tell! 
It  is  not  diiiiciilt  to  find  men  who  were  familiar  with  the  depredations  of  this 
insect  in  the  coastal  belt  of  the  Colony  thirty  years  ago.  Until  recently  the 
Mediterranean  regions  were  looked  upon  as  the  original  home  of  this  species, 
mainly  because  it  had  been  known  to  he  injurious  there  for  such  a  long  time. 
If  the  presence  of  natural  enemies  is  a  safe  guide.  Mr.  Geo.  Compere's  discov- 
ery, that  this  )K'st  is  kept  under  almost  complete  control  in  Brazil  through 
the  agency  of  natural  enemies,  would  point  to  that  country  as  the  original 
home.  Be  that  as  it  may,  we  are  all  well  aware  that  the  fly  has  become  a 
constant  factor  in  fruit-growing  in  Cape  Colony.  How  to  prevent  its  injuries 
is  the  demand  that  has  necessitated  investigation  with  a  view  to  establishing 
the  practicability  of  control  measures.  The  first  step  is  to  determine  the 
insects. 

Mr.  Geo.  Compere,  of  the  California  Horticultural  Commission, 
writing  of  fruit-flies  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Thirty-eighth  Fruit 
Growers'  Convention,  remarks: 

The  next  species  that  I  wish  to  call  your  attention  to  is  Ceratitis  capitata, 
Wied..  or,  commonly  called,  the  Mediterranean  fruit  fly.  With  this  si>eeies  I 
have  had  more  experience  than  with  any  of  the  other  forms,  and  I  can  say  that 
it  is  without  question  the  most  destructive  fruit  pest  on  record  in  the  world 
to-day.  Not  that  it  is  any  more  destructive  to  any  particular  variety  of  fruit 
than  many  of  the  other  species  of  this  group  of  flies,  hut  it  is  so.  from  the 
extremely  wide  range  of  food  fruits.  While  most  of  the  species  confine  them- 
selves to  one  or  a  few  varieties  of  fruits,  this  one  will  attack  every  known  fruit 
with  the  exception  of  the  banana,  pineapple,  and  olive.  It  flourishes  in  the 
bitterest  of  limes  and  hitter  orange  the  same  as  it  does  in  the  most  delicious 
peach,  pear,  or  apple. 

Writing  of  the  fruit-fly  in  Hawaii,  Mr.  E.  K.  Carnes,  as  a  result 
of  a  visit  to  the  islands  under  the  auspices  of  the  California  State 
Commission  of  Horticulture,  states: 

On  Oahu  the  following  fruits  and  vegetables  have  been  attacked:  All  species 
of  citrus  fruit,  peaches,  figs,  grapes,  rose  apple,  star  apple,  mangoes,  white 
lemon  guavas.  wild  guavas,  alligator  pears  (bruised  and  fallen),  strawberry 
guavas,  papaya,  sapota,  Carissa  arduina  i  South  African),  also  string  beans  and 
peppers. 

In  addition  to  this  list  the  known  host  fruits  include:  Eggplant,  coffee,  plums, 
cherries,  persimmons,  grenadillas,  maupi  fruit,  apricots,  pears,  nectarines, 
loquats.  apples,  shaddocks,  mandarins,  niammoe-apples. 

So  tar  the  banana  and  pineapple  appear  to  be  immune  from  attack,  but  close 
inspection  should  be  maintained  for  future  development. 

To  this  list  for  Hawaii  should  be  added  the  additional  fruits  more 
recently  found  to  be  infested,  as  slated  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Giffard  (Ha- 
waiian Forester  and  Agriculturist.  April.  1912).  namely:  Kumquat 
(Citrus  japoiiira),  Murraya  exotica,  and  E\igema  sp.  Mr.  Giffard 
adds : 


nir.   Ml  l'in  i:i:wi\N    I  1:11  i   tLY.  11 

I   would    further    i  < ■  i ■> •  1 1    that    coffee   berries,    varieties   ol  luquuts, 

varieties  of  Kugeuln,  and  Kunianl  h Is  appear  to  be  among  the  worsl  Infested 

fruits  bo  i.i r  examined. 

The  above  records  indicate  the  omnivorous  character  of  the  pest 
and  leave  no  doubt  that  when  once  introduced  into  a  locality  where 
proper  temperature  conditions  exist  it  will  l>e  able  to  maintain  itself 
without  difficulty.  It-  life  history  in  Bermuda,  as  stated  by  T.  I. 
Harris,  director  of  the  public  gardens,  in  the  Bermuda  Coloni  i  for 
the  l-tli  of  August,  1907,  may  be  quoted  in  tlii-  connection.  It  will 
be  recalled  that  the  pest  was  introduced  into  Bermuda  manv  years 
ago: 

Though  the  great  variety  of  fruiting  trees  growing  here  Is  Insufficient  to 
tarnish  propagating  media  for  flies  throughout  the  whole  year,  each  successive 
generation  making  use  of  a  different  kind  of  fruit,  without  doubt  the  Surinam 
cherry  [Eugenia  michelU)  has  been  the  most  potent  factor  In  perpetuating  the 
pest  There  are  two  main  crops  <>t'  fruit,  one  In  the  Bpring  and  another  In  the 
full,  but  Btragglers  between  each  cause  the  tw<>  crops  t"  overlap. 

The  loQuats  {Eriobotrya  japonica),  ripening  in  February  and  March,  are 
used  by  the  fruit  flies  of  the  year,  from  the  puparia  that  have  lived  dormant  In 
iii.'  ground  during  the  two  coldest  months,  ;in<i  the  larva?  hatched  from  the  eggs 
<>r  these  Mies  begin  n>  pupate  before  the  loquats  are  all  over.  In  some  Instances 
this  year,  where  the  fruit  bad  been  pecked  bj  birds  and  bad  shrivelled  on  the 
trees,  complete  pupee  wen'  found  within  the  fruit  At  the  end  of  April  and 
during  May,  the  peach,  cherry,  oranges  (both  sweet  and  sour),  lemons  and  limes, 
Barbados  gooseberry,  and  capsicums  bring  forth  another  crop  of  maggots  that, 
after  pupation,  are  just  in  time  for  the  Bapodlllas  In  June  and  July.  Follov 
these  are  the  mangoes,  coffee,  sweet  peppers,  cherries  again,  avocado  pears, 
gdaras,  sugar  apples,  cherimoyas,  quinces,  cocoa-plum,  grenadUlas,  and  star 
apples,  which  Berve  as  propagating  media  until  the  final  resting  brood  goes  i" 
earth  during  i  December. 

While  the  general  feeding  habits  of  the  fruit-fly  render  a  complete 
list  of  fruits  attacked  of  secondary  importance,  yet  it  is  desirable 
to  know  from  what  fruit  it  has  actually  been  reared,  or  which  have 
been  noted  as  infested. 

The  evidence  of  infestation  in  the  case  of  bananas  is  not  as  con- 
clusive  as  is  desirable,  especially  as  t<>  whether  the  fruit  in  a  green 
condition  as  gathered  for  shipment  is  infested.  As  recorded  by 
French  (Journ.  Agr.,  1907,  p.  302)  the  larvse  of  this  fly  were  found 
in  bananas  imported  from  Queensland,  on  August  11.  L906,  and  the 
perfect  insect  reared.  The  same  author,  in  his  Hand  Book  of  the 
structive  [nsects  of  Victoria  i\<>1.  l.  p.  :'..'>).  says: 

it  has  been  frequently  Btated  In  Queensland  and  New  South  Wales,  that  the 
tli<-s  win  not  attack  green  fruit.  This  is  a  mistake,  as  l  nave  on  many  occasions 
proved  eggs  t>>  have  been  deposited  In  green  bananas  before  shipment  as  no 
balf-ripe  bananas  are  ever  shipped  from  Queensland  to  Melbourne. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Hawaiian  entomologists  have  not  found  the 
insect  attacking  bananas,  and  believe  that  in  the  green  condition  in 
which  it  is  gathered  the  fruit  is  not  subject  to  attack.  Ripe  bananas 
arc.  however,  unquestionably  infested. 


12 


THE   MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 


Both  Mr.  French  and  Mr.  Kirk  record  finding  larva'  of  the  Med- 
iterranean fruit-fly  in  pineapples. 

A  list  is  given  below  of  all  fruits  recorded  in  literature,  so  far  as 
we  have  been  able  to  determine,  which  are  subject  to  infestation  by 
the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly. 

FEUITS    I.N1IS1II)    BY    THE   MeWTJCKRANKAN    FlUlT-Fl.Y.1 


Aberia  caffra   (Kei  iii>i>le). 

Alligator  pear. 

Almonds  (V). 

Anona. 

Apple. 

Apricot. 

Atropa  belladona    (nightshade). 

Avocado  pear. 

Azaroler. 

Banana. 

Barbados  gooseberry. 

Beans   (string). 

Capsicum. 

( 'a  rambola   ( A  verrhoa ) . 

Carica  quercifolia;  baby  papaya. 

Carissa  arduina. 

Cherimoya    (Anona  cherimolia) 

Cherry. 

Chinese  ink  berry   (Centrum  Sp.). 

Chinese  plum  (Horonjiia  emarginata) . 

Chrysophyllum  cainito  (star  apple). 

Citron. 

Citrus  fruits,  all  kinds. 

Citrus  bu.rifotius. 

Citrus  japonica    (Kuniqnat). 

Cocoa-plum  ( Chrysobalanus  icaco). 

Coffee  berry. 

Eggplant. 

Eugenia  jambos  (rose  apple). 

Eugenia  michelii  (Surinam  cherry). 

Fig. 

Grenadilla. 

Grape  (?). 

Grapefruit. 

Guava  (cultivated). 

Guava  (strawberry). 

Guava  (wild). 

Harpephyllum  cuff  rum    (Kaffir  plum). 

Kaffir  plum   (Harpephyllum  ca-ffrum). 

Kel  apple  (Aberia  caffra). 

"  Kainani  "  seeds. 


Kumquat  (Citrus  japonica). 

Lemon. 

Lime. 

Loquat  (Eriobotrya  japonica). 

Mammee-apples  i  Mammea  americana), 

.Mandarin. 

Mango. 

Maupi  fruit. 

Mountain  apple. 

Murraya  erotica   (mock  orange). 

Nectarine. 

Nightshade  (Atropa  belladona). 

0/, unfit/  vulgaris  (prickly  pear). 

Opuntia  tuna. 

Orange. 

Papaya   (baby). 

Papaya  (over-ripe). 

Passion  flower  (Passi flora  ca^riilca). 

Passion  fruit. 

Peach. 

Pear. 

Pepper,  sweet. 

Pepi>er.  green. 

Persimmon. 

Pineapple. 

Plaquemine. 

Plum. 

Pompelmoea 

Prickly  pear  (Opuntia  vulgaris). 

Pumpkin. 

Quince. 

Rose  apple  (Eugenia  jamoos). 

Shaddock. 

Sapodilla   (Achras  sapota). 

Sapota. 

Solanum    capsicastrum    (cherry    sola 

mini ) . 
Star  apple. 
Sugar  apple. 

Surinam  cherry  (Eugenia  michelii). 
Tomato. 


1  The  names  in  tins  list  arc  recorded  exactly  as  they  appear  in  the  literature  con- 
sulted. Since  tins  literature  is  derived  from  various  sources,  chiefly  from  Hawaii.  South 
Africa,  and  Australia,  there  is  some  repetition,  owing  to  colloquialisms. 


I  ill.    Ml  M  I  I  l;i;\M  \\    I  i;i   I  I    I  I  \  .  1 .'{ 

i  ii  i     III8TOR1     INO    ii  \r.i  i  S. 

The  life  history  and  habits  of  the  Mediterranean  fruit  fly  have 
been  very  carefully  investigated  by  different  entomologists,  par- 
ticularly   l»\    Froggatt,  French,   Mally,  and  others.     The  following 

"iint  of  the  insect  by  ('.  W.  Mally,  enl ologisl   for  the  Eastern 

Province,  is  quoted  from  his  article  <»n  "The  Fruil  Fly,"  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Agricultural  Journal,  Cape  <>f  <  •» h .. I  Hope,  December, 
L904: 

Aside  from  an  occaalonaJ  query,  nothing  is  beard  of  the  fruit  fly  mi  the 
maggots  are  nbundanl  In  the  apricots  and  peaches.  These  maggots  come  From 
deposited  bj  the  adall  fly. 

The  eggs  i  in-  female  is  provided  with  ;i  sharp  extensile  ovipositor  (the 
ii  through  which  the  eggs  are  laid)  which  enables  her  to  pierce  tin-  frail 
and  at  the  same  time  deposit  the  sin;iii  glistening  white  eggs  Just  nnderneatb 
tlic  skin  -sometimes  singly  bnl  usually  a  number  together.  They  batch  In  a 
very  short  time,  two  to  four  days  In  midsummer.  The  ripeness  of  the  fruit 
Beams  to  Influence  1 1 1* -  rapidity  of  their  development,  it  is  difficult  to  gel 
reliable  Information  on  this  point,  for  the  mere  fad  thai  a  fly  is  seen  to  pierce 
the  fruit  is  do  proof  that  eggs  are  lefl  al  the  same  time.  By  < >i •«■'> •"—  the  fruit 
to  make  sun-  that  eggs  were  deposited  thej  are  placed  under  unnatural  condi- 
tions Different  lots  of  eggs  may  be  laid  In  the  same  puncture.  I  have  ob- 
served  females  in  the  ad  of  oviposltlon  and  on  Immediate  examination  tin* 

pulp  was   found   to  be  discoloured   and  as   high  as  ten   clT'-'s   present,   in   some  of 

whirh  the  body  Begments  of  the  larva;  were  distinctly  risible  under  the  micro- 
scope. Although  females  may  lake  advantage  of  Slight  injuries  in  the  fruit 
they  are  by  U0  means  dependent  upon  them,  and  evidently  prefer  sound  fruit 
in  which  to  oviposit  Numerous  examinations  of  peaches,  apples,  lemons. 
oranges,  and  pompelmoes,  show  thai  all  eggs  laid  In  fruil  that  Is  too  green 
perish  as  eggs,  or,  If  they  do  hatch,  the  young  larvae  perish  almost  at  once. 
This  is  an  important  point,  for  many  fruit-growers  take  a  hopeless  view, 
believing  thai  the  eggs  may  be  laid  in  the  fruil  while  it  is  still  verj  young 
and  lie  dormant  until  the  pulp  is  sufficiently  ripe  to  serve  as  toed  for  fhe 
larvae,     it   is  of  practical   importance  to  those  who  enclose  their  trees  with 

netting,  for  it  reduces  the  time  the  netting  must  he  exposed  to  the  weather, 
l.ast  March  (1904)  many  apples  were  received  showing  a  slight  depression.  In 

the   center   of   which    was   a    small    black    speck.      <  >n    close    examina  t  ion    it    was 

found  to  be  due  to  the  fruit  fly  having  oviposited,  bnl  no  development  followed. 
The  apples  were  still  hard  and  the  great  mortality  in  the  eggs,  the  shrivelled 
remains  of  which  could  still  be  found,  was  considered  to  be  due  to  the  fruil 
having  been  too  green  when  oviposltlon  took  place.  There  was  no  trace  of 
parasitism. 

The  larva'  or  "maggots"  at  once  begin  to  feed  on  the  pulp  of  the  fruit. 
In  apricots  they  make  straight  for  the  center,  the  pulp  evidently  lirst  ripening 
round  the  pip  In  peaches  and  otlu  r  fruits  they  are  more  Inclined  to  work  oul  in 
different  directions  from  the  point  of  o\  (position,  there  being  no  distinct  tendency - 
to  penetrate  towards  the  center.  When  fully  developed,  which  usually  requires 
a    fortnight    or   three  weeks,   they    leave   the   fruit,   which   has   us  a    rule   fallen 

era!  days  previously,  and  enter  the  ground,  seldom  going  deeper  than  one 
inch,  depending  <>n  the  nature  of  the  soil.    Here  they  soon  change  t->  puparla, 

and  remain  for  twelve  days  to  three  weeks,  depending  on  the  season  When 
the  transformation   to  adult   is  complete  the  fly   pushes  through  the  end  of  the 


14  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

puparium  and  works  its  way  up  through  the  soil.  On  reaching  the  surface  t lie 
wings  expand  to  full  size,  and  in  a  short  time  the  fly  is  ready  to  search  for 
food.  They  are  fund  of  the  exuding  juice  of  injured  fruit.  After  matins;  they 
lay  eggs  and  die,  thus  marking  the  end  of  one  generation  and  the  beginning  of 

the  next.  The  eggs  are  not  all  deposited  at  once.  Just  how  long  the  im- 
pregnated female  lives  and  continues  to  lay  eggs  under  natural  conditions  is 
uot  known,  but  it  is  several  weeks  at  least. 

The  number  of  broods  iu  a  year  depends  on  circumstances  of  food  supply  and 
temperature.  In  midsummer,  with  abundant  food,  they  develop  more  rapidly. 
one  generation  beiug  complete  in  about  twenty-eight  days.  Very  ripe  fruit 
seems  to  hasten  their  development.  During  the  winter,  at  Grahametown  [Cape 
Colony,  S.  Africa],  they  require  two  months  or  more  to  complete  their  trans- 
formations. The  puparium  stage  of  the  midwinter  brood,  recorded  below, 
required  thirty-five  days  in  the  roaring-box  in  the  office  at  the  ordinary  sea- 
sonal temperature.  The  broods  overlap  to  such  a  great  extent  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  keep  them  separate  in  the  field. 

With  the  approach  of  winter,  the  females  are  able  to  survive  several  months 
under  natural  conditions  if  no  suitable  fruit  is  available  for  egg  deposition. 
The  late  peaches  furnish  the  last  grand  feast,  about  the  first  of  April.  The 
adults  of  this  generation  emerge  early  in  May  and  can  survive  till  the  citrus 
fruits  are  sulticiently  ripe  to  serve  as  food  for  the  larvae 

In  this  article  Mr.  Mally  adds  that  the  adults  are  keen  feeders, 
taking  readily  to  the  juice  exuding  from  the  injured  or  decaying 
fruit,  and  some  individuals  have  been  found  to  feed  on  the  honey- 
dew  from  certain  scale  insects.  It  is  the  consensus  of  opinion  that 
the  insect  is  carried  from  one  locality  to  another  by  means  of  infested 
fruit.  When  once  introduced  in  a  locality,  however,  there  will  be  a 
natural  spread  or  dissemination  of  the  species,  though  the  rate  of 
dissemination  has  not  been  ascertained.  This  will  doubtless  vary 
with  the  climate  in  question,  particularly  with  the  strength  and 
direction  of  the  winds.  Migrations  will  be  stimulated  by  an  insuf- 
ficiency of  food  supply. 

DESCRIPTION. 

The  following  description  of  the  adult  is  quoted  from  Farmers' 
Bulletin  24,  Department  of  Agriculture  of  New  South  Wales,  by 
W.  W.  Froggatt : 

Size  4  to  i)  mm.,  about  the  size  of  an  average  house-fly,  but  looking  somewhat 
smaller  when  dead,  because  the  body  shrinks  up  beneath  the  thorax.  General 
color,  ochreous  yellow,  lighter  on  the  sides  of  thorax  and  basal  joints  of  the 
antemuE.  The  eyes  of  the  usual  reddish  purple  tint,  with  a  blackish  blotch 
in  the  center  of  the  forehead,  from  which  spring  two  stout  black  bristles,  a  fine 
fringe  of  similar  bristles  round  the  hind  margin  of  the  head,  with  some  coarser 
ones  curving  round  in  front  of  the  head  between  the  eyes.  The  thickened  basal 
joints  of  the  antennae  pale  yellow,  the  terminal  segments  black  to  the  tips.  The 
dorsal  surface  of  the  thorax  convex,  raised,  and  broadly  rounded  with  the 
scutellum,  the  ground  color  creamy  white  to  yellow,  marbled  with  shiny  black 
blotches  forming  an  irregular  mosaic  pattern,  the  lighter  portions  clothed  with 
\evy  line  white  bristles.  These  light-colored  bristles  more  lightly  scattered 
over  the  dark  areas,  and  the  whole  bearing  large  stout  black  bristles  thickest 
on  the  black  surface. 


Trie   \in.rrn;i:  wi  \  v   n:rn  n.v.  1 .'» 

In  many  of  the  pictures  of  this  lnaect  the  black  areas  are  drawn  as  if  they 
were  projecting  bosses  or  knobs,  bul  this  Is  Incorrect  :  the  whole  forma  a  regular 
rounded  aurfa.ce. 

The  \\in»'s  are  broad,  semlopaque,  with  iii>'  extreme  l>;is.-  blotched  with  ochre- 
mis  or  brown! ah  yellow,  with  the  real  of  the  ims.-ii  area  curlonaly  marked  with 
black,  forming  dark  lines  of  the  r-: i •  i  i : » 1 1 1 1 -_r  oervuree,  with  dark  Linea  and  apota 
between;  beyond  this  is  ;i  broad  Irregular  transverse  ochreoua  band,  slightly 
lined  with  black,  blotched  al  the  extremity;  another  Bimllar  shaped  and  col- 
ored blotch  runs  along  Inside  i>m  no(  In  contact  with  the  costal  uervnre,  also 
blotched  towards  the  extremity  In  the  angular  space.  Between  these  bands  is 
another  shorter  black  t >:t i ■< l  running  parallel  with  the  lirsi  transverse  band. 

The  oval  abdomen  is  clothed  <>n  t i • « -  upper  Burface  with  fine,  scattered  black 
bristles,  and  has  two  rather  broad  transverse  silvery  white  bands  on  the  ius:ii 
half  of  the  body.  The  male  differs  from  ii><-  female  In  being  furnished  with 
■  pair  of  stalked  appendages  standing  out  In  front  of  the  head  In  a  line  with 

the  front  margin  of  the  eyes,  ii stremltles  <•(  which  filaments  are  produced 

in  spatula te  appendages,  iib'k.  finely  Btrlated,  and  diamond  shaped. 

The  living  By  is  an  active  little  creature,  running  ;ii>->ut  over  the  foliage  or 
fruit  on  the  trees,  with  its  wings  drooping  down  "n  the  sides  of  the  body. 
When  disturbed  ii  has  :i  short  flight,  Beldom  flying  1 1 1« •  i-»-  than  ;i  few  yards  at 
Hie  most,  and  ii  often  returns  i"  1 1 1  *  -  same  Bpot     [See  flg.  l.| 

NATURAL    I  \  I  M  II  >. 

Considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  the  investigation  of  possi- 
ble insed  enemies  of  fruit-flies,  though  to  date  no  effective  natural 
check  appears  to  have  been  found.  Observations  by  Mr.  George 
Compere,  in  Brazil,  led  bim  t<>  believe  that  this  insect  along  with 
several  other  species  <>t'  fruit-flies  was  there  kepi  in  check  by  a 
staphylinid  beetle  preying  upon  the  maggots;  and  that  it  was  also 
held  in  check  by  two  Bpecies  of  [chneumon  wasps.  Both  the  para- 
sitic and  predatory  enemies  were  introduced  into  West  Australia. 
Mr.  Compere  concludes  hi-  report  '  upon  the  introduction  work  with 
the  statement  that  with  the  establishment  of  these  enemies  in  the 
Smte  the  pesl  will  be  reduced  to  harmless  numbers. 

'The  importance  of  Mr.  Compere's  announcement  led  the  Cape 
Government  and  the  Natal  Government  to  dispatch  their  entomolo- 
gists (Mr.  Lounsbury  and  Mr.  Fuller)  to  Brazil  in  search  of  these 
enemies,  a-  sel  forth  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  of  the  (ape  of  I 
Elope  for  January,  1905.  In  the  October  number  of  the  same  journal 
(1905)  Mi-.  Lounsbury  presents  hi-  report  upon  the  trip  to  Brazil, 
that  of  Mr.  Fuller  having  been  earlier  given  in  the  Natal  Agricul- 
tural Journal,  May  26,  L906. 

Mr.  Lounsbury  reports  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly  a-  a  very  severe 
pesl  in  the  State-  of  Sao  Paulo.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  probably  else- 
where in  Brazil  where  peaches  are  grown.  No  trace  of  the  staphy- 
linid beetle  could  be  found  and  it  was  presumed  to  he  an  enemy  of 

1  .Tiuirn.  Agr.  Dept.  W     \  latral        iDgust,  1904 


16  THE    MKDITKKRAXKAX    FRUIT-FLY. 

fruit-flies  only  under  certain  conditions.  A  small  parasitic  wasp 
(Opiellus  trimaculatua  Spin.)  was  reared  from  a  related  fruit-fly, 
Anastrepha  frat&rcula,  and  maggots  infesting  small  fruits  showed  a 
higher  percentage  of  parasitism.  Another  small  wasp  was  observed 
crawling  over  peaches  and  in  one  instance  apparently  ovipositing  in 
the  fruit  and  was  suspected  of  being  parasitic  on  fruit-flies.  At- 
tempts were  proposed  to  determine  if  the  Opiellus  parasite  would 
also  attack-  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly,  though  apparently  without 
much  hope,  as  Mr.  Lounsbury  concludes: 

Whilst  there  still  appear  these  possibilities  that  fruit  fly  parasites  exist  in 
Brazil  that  might  prove  of  some  value  against  South  African  fruit  flies,  I  no 
longer  have  any  hope  whatever  thai  these  parasites  may  be  capable  of  holding 
our  fruit  flies  in  sueh  close  subjection  that  artificial  measures  to  save  orchard 
fruits  will  become  materially  less  necessary  than  they  are  at  present. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt.  under  the  auspices  of  the  Governments  of 
New  South  Wales.  Victoria,  South  Australia,  and  Queensland,  spent 
a  year  (July.  1007.  to  July.  190S)  in  an  investigation  of  entomolog- 
ical questions  in  foreign  countries,  and  during  his  trip  around  the 
world  particular  attention  was  paid  by  him  to  the  subject  of  insect 
control  by  parasitic  and  predatory  insects;  especially  with  reference 
to  enemies  of  fruit  flies  (Report  on  Parasitic  and  Injurious  Insects, 
Department  of  Agriculture.  New  South  Wales,  1009).  No  reference 
is  made  in  this  report  to  the  discovery  of  natural  enemies  of  fruit- 
flies,  and  that  no  hope  is  felt  in  such  work  is  shown  by  the  following 
statement  (p.  G8)  : 

I  consider,  as  do  nearly  all  leading  entomologists  who  have  given  the  matter 
of  fruit  flies  any  attention,  that  it  is  very  improbable  that  any  internal  para- 
site will  ever  make  any  impression  on  this  pest  in  the  case  of  commercial 
fruit,  such  as  oranges,  peaches,  etc  In  all  cases  where  parasites  have  been 
bred  it  has  been  from  small,  wild,  or  hard-fleshed  fruits,  and  though  parasites 
may  be  quite  numerous  among  some  of  the  wild  fruits,  yet  they  are  not  able  to 
injure  the  larva*  in  large  fruits. 

In  Mexico  an  ichneumonid  parasite  infests  the  Morelos  orange 
worm  (Trypeta  ludens  Loew).  namely.  GratospUa  rudibunda  Say. 
though,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Isaacs,  not  over  from  10  to  15  per  cent  are 
parasitized.  Prof.  A.  Berlese  records  Hexamerocera  brasiliensis 
Ashm.  MS.  from  the  Mediterranean  fruit-fly.  and  its  use  has  been 
advocated  by  Von  Ihering  against  Trypeta  ludens. 

PREVENTIVE    AND    REMEDIAL    MEASURES. 

The  governments  of  certain  countries  have  put  in  force  regulations 
for  the  enforced  control  of  fruit-flies,  and  in  each  instance  the  prin- 
ciple followed  has  been  the  inspection  of  orchards  and  cleaning  up 
and  destruction  of  all  fallen  fruits.  This  seems  to  be  the  plan 
principally  recommended  and  relied  upon  for  the  control  of  this  in- 


I  111.    \n  hi  I  i  i:i:\\i  w    I  i:i  IT-FLY.  IT 

ilthough  as  later  mentioned  other  methods  have  been  tried  with 
more  hi-  less  success. 

In  Mexico  a  grant  of  money  \\a-  obtained  for  cleaning  up  orange 
orchards  infested  with  the  so-called  orange  worm  {Trypeta  ludens), 
and  tin'  following  rules  were  issued  by  the  Comision  de  Parasi- 
tologfa  Agricola  in  whose  hands  the  work  was  placed. 

(it  Gather  each  day  all  mangoes,  lemons,  and  oranges  which  may  Lave 
fallen  from  the  trees,  and  deposit  them  in  a  clean  corner  ol  the  orchard. 

(2)  Destroy  all  trull  so  accumulated  at  leasl  once  a  week. 

['■',i  n  is  preferable  n>  destroy  the  fruit  by  burning,  inn  u  may  be  disposed 
of  by  burial,  and  when  burled  it  should  be  covered  with  at  least  60  centi- 
meters (about  li»  Inches)  of  soiL 

( 1 1  If  i he  same  worm  exists  in  the  guava,  this  frull  should  also  be  destroyed 
In  the  same  manner. 

Quarantine  measures  against  oranges  from  Mexico  have  been  in 
force  for  Some  years  in  California. 

In  Bermuda  an  act  came  into  force  in  1907  to  improve  fruit- 
growing conditions  on  the  island  by  the  suppression  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fruit-fly,  ami  the  work  of  eradication  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  board  of  agriculture.  Concerning  the  scope  and  character  of 
the  work  undertaken.  Mr.   Harris  -late-: 

The  genera]  plan  lias  been  i"  collect  and  destroy  all  the  mature  fruits  of  all 

kinds  known  to  he  punctured  throughout  the  country;  and  in  such  cases,  where 

bearing  large  numbers  of  small  fruit  are  inn  numerous,  about  90  per  cenl 

haw  been  pruned  hark  to  prevent  their  producing  frull  during  the  next  fruit- 

mg  season;  by  doing  this  it  is  possible  to  collect  all  the  fruits  produced  bj  the 

trees  that   were  left    unpinned   last    season. 

The  fruits  were  collected  in  sacks,  weighted  by  Inserting  a  big  stone  before 

Closing  the  bttg,  and   thrown   into  the  sea.      In  a    few   instances  it    proved   more 

convenient  to  burn  <>r  boil  the  fruits. 

The  work  was  begun  as  soon  as  possible  after  i  he  "Act"  came  into  force. 
Ten   sets  of  tools  were  purchased,  and  an   inspector   was  appointed    for  each   of 

the  nine  parishes,  and  the  Inspectors  were  supplied  with  laborers  as  necessity 
demanded. 

No  regulations  appear  to  lie  ill  force  in  Mediterranean  countries 
for  tic  control  of  this  or  other  fruit-flies,  though  a  large  reward  is 
offered  by  the  Italian  Government  for  a  remedy  for  the  nearly  re- 
lated specie.-,  the  olive  fly  (Dacus  olea  Rossi).  \(»  reference  has 
been  noted  bearing  on  Legislation  along  this  line  in  Australia  or  in 
Cape  Colony. 

The  regulation  promulgated  by  the  Hawaiian  authorities  to  pre- 
vent the  distribution  of  the  insect  from  Oahu  to  other  islands  and 
the  quarantine  established  by  California  against  Hawaiian  fruit  have 

already  keen  noted. 

In  regions  where  the  pe-t  i-  well  established,  a.-  in  Australia  and 
South  Africa,  much  attention  has  keen  given  to  devising  effective 
remedies  other  than  the  collection  and  destruction  of  fallen  fruit. 
A  plan  recommended  by  Lounsbury  in   ls'-,s  was  the  covering  of 


18  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

trees  with  netting,  and  in  the  case  of  small  to  medium-sized  trees 
the  method  was  thought  to  be  practical.  Full  directions  were  given 
for  the  employment  of  netting,  and  it  was  stated: 

The  measure  will  undoubtedly  be  of  great  value  to  parties  growing  cboiee 
varieties  in  and  about  our  villages  where,  because  of  laxity  on  the  part  of 
neighbors,  the  destruction  of  all  maggot-infested  fruit  on  oue"s  place  is  un- 
availing as  a  preventive  from  further  attack. 

This  plan,  apparently,  has  not  been  followed  to  any  great  extent. 

Professor  Antonio  Berlese,  of  Florence.  Italy,  began  in  1903  teste 
of  a  poisoned  bait  against  the  olive  fly  (Dacun  dice-).  The  poisoned 
liquid  was  sprayed  over  the  trees  to  destroy  the  adults  which  feed 
freely  on  available  fruit  juices  and  other  sweetish  substances.  This 
work,  commenced  in  1903,  was  continued  during  11)05  and  1000.  The 
material  used  consisted  of  honey  31  per  cent,  molasses  65  per  cent, 
glycerine  2  per  cent,  and  arsenite  of  potash  2  per  cent.  Prof.  Berlese 
states : 

I  have  carried  on  the  above  experiments  on  10,000  trees  in  three  different 
localities,  and  have  obtained  absolute  results,  having  succeeded  in  keeping 
sound,  until  they  were  ripe,  all  the  olives  on  the  trees  which  had  been  treated. 
This  I  did,  although  in  the  surrounding  plantations  all  the  olives  were  maggot- 
eaten  and  destroyed  as  early  as  September.  Since  the  mixture  is  very  soluble, 
the  autumnal  rains,  which  fall  generally  a  little  before  the  gathering  of  the 
fruit,  are  sufficient  to  wash  off  the  poisoned  substance,  which  was  sprayed  on 
to  the  olives.  When,  however,  copious  rains  do  not  occur,  it  is  necessary,  before 
sending  the  olives  to  the  press,  to  wash  them  in  water  in  order  to  prevent  any 
risk  of  poisoning. 

In  the  Agricultural  Journal.  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  for  December, 
1904,  Mr.  C.  W.  Mally  reports  upon  experiments,  made  quite  inde- 
pendently of  those  of  Prof.  Berlese,  in  the  destruction  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fruit-flies  by  a  poisoned-bait  spray,  used  with  good  results 
in  his  rearing  cages.  The  bait  consisted  of  a  solution  of  5  gallons  of 
treacle  (molasses).  1  pound  of  arsenate  of  lead,  and  25  gallons  of 
water.  This  poisoned  bait  was  further  tried  out  by  Mally  and  others 
during  several  succeeding  seasons,  and  in  1909  was  put  to  practical 
field  tests.     Concerning  the  experiment  Mr.  Mally  states: 

Result*.— While  the  bait  was  expected  to  make  a  good  showing  in  regard  to 
the  late  varieties  of  fruit,  its  prompt  effect  in  almost  completely  stopping  the 
deposition  of  eggs  in  the  fruit  already  ripening  came  as  an  agreeable  surprise. 
The  late  maturing  portion  of  the  fruit  on  the  trees,  showing  infestation'  to  the 
extent  of  50  per  cent  of  the  fruit  in  the  proper  stage  of  ripeness  for  the  flies 
when  the  baiting  began,  came  to  maturity  practically  free  from  maggots— less 
than  1  per  cent  being  infested.  The  fruit  on  all  the  late  varieties  of  treated 
trees  ripened  perfectly,  and  was  sold  on  the  market  and  guaranteed  free  from 
maggots.  No  complaints  of  infestation  were  received  at  any  time.  On  the 
control  trees  the  situation  was  just  the  reverse,  almost  every  ripe  fruit  being 
infested  by  maggots  ranging  from  newly  hatched  to  fully  developed.  Puparia 
were  present  under  some  of  the  decaying  peaches,  and  there  were  numerous  flies 
flitting  about   the  trees. 


I'll  I.    \l  I  hi  I  I  1:1;  \  M   \  s    I  1:1   I  I    I  in  .  1  U 

The  only  explanation  seems  to  be  thai  tin-  bait,  being  evenly  distributed  over 
the  trees,  prlcklj   pears,  buab,  etc.,  n round  the  orchard,  w  »lly  available 

thai  practically  all  of  the  fllee  present  during  any  one  day  found  ii  very  quickly, 
and  fed  on  it  i"  their  destruction      li  Bbould  i"'  stated  bere  that,  even  i Ij- ►< i — 1 1 

the  flies  do  ii"i  "drop  dead"  Inn I  lately  after  feeding  on  the  bait  the  poison 

begins  to  bake  effecl  In  a  verj  sborl  time,  and  completes  their  destruction  In 
aboul  24  hours.  Bul  < 1 1 1 1- i n _r  this  time  the  flies,  as  Indicated  by  specimens  kepi 
under  observation  In  cages,  nre  to  think  of  depositing  i--':_'s     The  same 

fate  evidently  awaited  1 1 1» -  fresh  (Ilea  as  they  emerged  from  the  ground.  The 
tad  thai  thej  must  feed  for  n  aumber  of  days  before  the  eggs  are  sufficiently 
mature  i<>  be  dejwslted  gives  ample  time  for  them  to  And  the  bait. 

it'  any  of  the  Mies  thai  emerged  from  the  mass  ><(  Infested  fruit  under  the 
control  trees  found  their  way  to  the  treated  orchard  thej  musl  have  found  the 
ball  mi  once  on  arrival  and  died  without  depositing  eggs.  This  Bhows  thai 
either  the  flies  ordinarily  do  not  travel  over  n  space  of  WO  yards  or  else  t ln-y 
tind  the  ball  so  quickly  thai  there  Is  nothing  t"  fear  from  them  This  ■■>\><>  has 
an  important  bearing  on  the  question  of  contamination  coming  from  neglected 
orchards,  for  it  indicates  thai  the  progressive  frull  grower  will  reap  the  full 
benefit  of  bis  care  In  treating  his  trees,  even  though  hi*  neighbor's  orchard,  or 
the  native  hush  near  by,  is  full  of  filea 

Tm  these  test-  in  1909  the  formula  used  was  sugar  3  pounds,  arsenate 
of  lead  1  ounces,  water  5  gallons.  Rains  interfere  much  with  the 
use  of  tin1  spray  and  applications  musl  be  repeated  to  maintain  it 
on  the  trees.  A  tt>t;il  of  II  applications  was  made  From  January  1~> 
to  March  20,  the  expense  for  material  being  aboul  x  cents  per  tree. 
The  poisoned-bail  method  of  controlling  this  and  other  fruit  flies 
would  appear  entirely  feasible,  especially  in  more  or  less  arid  regions, 
where  the  spray  would  not  be  washed  off  by  ruin-.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  application  of  the  spray  to  fruit  jusi  as  it  is  approaching 
maturity  might  prove  objectionable.  The  poisoned-bait  method  is 
already  being  tested  in  the  United  States  for  the  control  of  the  apple 
maggot.  The  results  of  this  work.  30  far  as  the  writer  is  aware,  have 
not  been  indicated. 

Considerable  interest  was  aroused  in  the  so-called  paraffin  remedy, 
first  developed  in  Wesl  Australia,  which  consists  in  trapping  the 
adult  flies  with  kerosene  oil.  The  oil  is  said  to  be  particularly  at- 
tractive  to  flies,  and  the  vessels  containing  kerosene  are  placed  in  the 
forks  of  the  tree  and  attract  them  to  their  death  in  considerable  num- 
bers.    It  ha-  been  found,  however,  that  a  large  proportion  of  the 

insects  thus  trapped  are  male-,  and  practical   tests  of  the  method  by 

Lounsbury  showed  that  little,  if  any.  protection  to  the  fruit  resulted. 


20  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

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Trypeta  capitata,  description  and  brief  note. 

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1 1 ri.-f  account 

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,,l    3 

Pri.-f   account    and   description. 


22  THE    MEDITERRANEAN    FRUIT-FLY. 

1899.  Preliminary  report  of  the  siate  Board  of  Horticulture,  California,  1897-08, 
Sacramento,  p.  68,  l  fig. 

1899.  Kikk,  T.  W. — Fruit  flies.  <New  Zealand  Dept.  Agr.,  Report  1899,  pp. 
232-234.  figs.  7. 

189!).  Kihk,  T.  W.— Fruit  flies.  <Xew  Zealand  Dept  Agr.  Leaflet  for  Gar- 
deners and  Fruit  Growers,  no.  35,  pp.  3,  figs.  8. 

1S99.   Lounsbury,  ('.  1'.— Report   of  the  Govt.   Ent.   for  1899,   <Dept.  Agr.   Cape 
Good  Hope.  pp.  35-36. 
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1899.  Beblese,  A.— I.a  mosca  della  arance.     <Boll..29,  Lab.  Ent.  Agr.  Portlci, 

pp.  1-7. 

1900.  Le  Ceratitis  capitata  aux  environs  de  Paris.     <Rev.  Bncyclop.  Larouase, 

aim.  10,  p.  3G9. 
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Notes. 
19(H).  Beblese,  A. — Insetti  nocivi  agli  alberi  da  frutto  ed  all  a  vite,  I'ortici,  p. 

62,  fig.  22. 
1900.  Leonakdi,  G.— Gli  insetti  nocivi  (  Xai>oll),  p.  284,  figs.  148-150. 

Biological  notes  and  remedies. 
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<Conipt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.,  Paris,  tome  131.  pp.  436-438. 
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1900.  Borg,  J. — Orange  culture  and  diseases.     <Bul.  Pol.  Dept  Jamaica,  n.  s.  7. 

no.  9,  p.  136. 

1901.  Ribaga,  C. — Insetti  nocivi  all  olivo  ed  agli  agruuni.     I'ortici.  Stab,  \esu- 

viano,  p.  35.  figs.  19-30. 
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Note. 

1903.  Craw,  A. — Fruit  flies  and  their  exclusion.  <Cal.  Fruit  Grower,  vol.  28, 
July  18.  p.  4. 

1903.  Buchanan,  G. — Fruit  fly.     <Journ.  Dept.  Agr.  W.  Australia,  February. 

pp.  109-110. 

1904.  Mally,  C.   W. — The  fruit  fly.     <Agr.   Journ.  Cape  (mod   Hope,   vol.  25. 

no.  C.  pp.  (;47-C>02,  1  pi..  (>  figs. 

Life  history,  food  plants,  food  habits,  parasites,  remedies,  etc. 

1904.  Compere,  G. — The  introduction  of  the  fruit  fly  parasite.  <Journ.  Dept. 
Agr.  W.  Australia,  vol.  10,  no.  2.  pp.  6S-72. 

1904.  Cartwrigiit,  W. — Notes  on  two  insects.  <Journ.  Khediv.  Agr.  Soc.  and 
School  Agr.,  vol.  6,  no.  1.  pp.  17-19. 

1904.  Mally,  C.  \V.,  and  Lounsbury.  C.  P. — Report  of  the  Government  entomol- 
ogist for  the  half  year  ending  June  30,  1904.  <Cape  Good  Hope 
Dept.  Agr.,  Rept.  Govt  Ent..  1904.  p.  31. 

1904.  Johnson,  C.  W. — A  revised  list  of  the  Diptera  of  Bermuda.     <Psyche, 

vol.  11,  p.  79. 

1905.  Lounsbury-,  C.  P. — Natural  enemies  of  the  fruit  fly.     <Agr.  Journ.  Cape 

Good   Hope,   vol.  20.  no.   1,  pp.  S4-87. 
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0  ser..   no.   8,   pp.  352-354. 
Biological   notes. 


Tin;    mi  hi  I  BREAK!  \N    l  1:1  l  I   11  v.  28 

1905.  I'.mum:,  'I'ii.     (Catalog  der  palaarktlschen  Diptera,  Band  i\       Budapest, 

p.  ill. 
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Parasites  not  very  effective  In  controlling  trnll  flj   in  Babla. 
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no.  _!.  pp.  186,  IsT. 
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PP.  190  200,  ::  flga. 
p.nit.  lia  Ni  it.  c  -The  Mediterranean  frull  fly.     <Journ.  Agr.,  Victoria,  May, 
pp.  801  ::<>t.  pi.  1.  flga  ft 
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ilogical  and  economic  notes 

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24  THE   MEDITERRANEAN    IT.CIT-FLY. 

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Occurrence    in    Hawaii   announced. 
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Biologic   Holes 


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pp.  km;  109 

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no.  4.  pp.  10.8  1 1 1 

Beporl  on  eradication  and  control  work  under  way  In  Hawaii. 

Approved : 

James  Wilson, 

Si  i  n  tin  ij  of  .  [ffri<  ultvtt . 

Washington,  D.  ('..  Jxm   11.  1912. 


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